ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS -22

THE ONE DAM

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS -21

History of 'THE ONE DAM '.

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PERIYAR DAM WAS CONSTRUCTED AND COMPLETED IN 1895.

PERIYAR IS ONE OF THE WEST FLOWING RIVERS OF KERALA STATE ,IN EARSTWHILE TRAVANCORE KINGDOM.

IT WAS CONSTRUCTED FOR MEETING THE IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT OF MADURAI DISTRICT OF THE EARSTWHILE MADRAS PRESIDENCY.

THEREAFTER IN 1965, AN HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION WITH CAPACITY 140MW WAS ALSO BUILT .(contrary to the already agreed points.)

IN 1898, Mr.A.T.MACKENZIE, THE THEN EXECUTIVE ENGINEER DOCUMENTED THE HISTORY OF PERIYAR PROJECT.

PERIYAR BASIN ENTIRELY LIES IN TRAVANCORE STATE.

PERIYAR DAM IS THE FIRST MASONRY DAM OF ITS KIND.

IT IS ONE OF THE EARLIEST PROJECTS  OF INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER.

THE DAM ITSELF IS OF GREAT INTEREST FOR HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS FOR STUDY.

1. NO DRAINAGE GALLERY IS PROVIDED.

2. NO CONTRACTION JOINTS  PROVIDED.

3. NO PROVISIONS OR CHECKS PROVIDED FOR EARTHQUAKE FORCES 

 

 

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS - list of Kerala dams

Kerala Dams

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Aanayirangal Dam in Idukki District

Anathodu and Kakki Dam

Banasura Sagar Dam on Kabini River in the Wayanad District

Cheruthoni Dam on periyar river in idukki district

Chimmony Dam in Thrissur District

Chulliyar Dam Palakkad District

Idamalayar Dam on Idamalayar River in Ernakulam District

Idukki arch dam on the Periyar River in Idukki District

Kakkayam Dam in Kozhikode District

Kallarkutty Dam on Muthirappuzha River

Kanjirapuzha Dam in Palakkad District

Karapuzha Dam in Wayanad District

Kochu Pamba Dam on Pamba River in Idukki District

Kulamavu Dam on periyar river in idukki district

Kundala dam in Munnar in Idukki District

Malampuzha Dam in Palakkad District

Malankara Dam

Mangalam Dam in Palakkad District

Mattupetty Dam in Idukki District

Meenkara Dam on the Palakkad District

Mullaperiyar Dam on the Periyar River in Idukki District

Neyyar Dam on Neyyar River in Thiruvananthapuram District

Parambikulam Dam on the Parambikulam River in Palakkad District

Pazhassi Dam on Iritty River in the Kannur District

Peechi Dam in Thrissur District

Peppara Dam in Thiruvananthapuram District

Peringalkuthu Dam in Thrissur District

Peruvannamoozhi Dam on Kuttiyadi River in Kozhikode District

Ponmudi Dam on Panniar River

Pothundi Dam in Palakkad District

Sholayar Dam in Thrissur District

Siruvani dam in Palakkad District

Thenmala dam on Kalladayar in Kollam District

Thunakkadavu Dam on the Palakkad District

Vazhani Dam in Thrissur District

Walayar Dam in Palakkad District

Madhya PradeshEdit

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS

DAMS DAMS EVERYWHERE -TAMILNADU DAMS

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS -18 ( river map of Tamilnadu )

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS -17

List of rivers of Tamil Nadu

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Adyar River

Amaravati River

Arasalar River

Agaram Aru

Bhavani River

Bambar River

Gingee River

Gomukhi River

Goddar River

Gadananathi River

Gundar River

Hanumannathi River

Jambunathi River

Kabini River

Kallar River

Kamandala River

Kaveri River

Kedilam River

Kollidam River

Komugi River

Koundinya Nathi

Kudamurutti River

Kundha River

Kottagudi River

Karipottan river

Kottagudi River

Karuppanathi River

Karunaiyar River

Kottamalaiyaru River

Kothaiyaru River

Kowsika river

Kundar River

Kaattar River

Kosasthalaiyar River

Malattar River

Manimuktha River

Manimuthar River

Mayura River

Moyar River

Mudikondan River

Markanda River

Mundhal Odai River

Mottaiyar River

Mullaiyar River

Noyyal River

Naganathi River

Nanganjiyar river

Nandalar River

Nattar River

Odampokki River

Pachaiyar River

Pambar River

Pahrali River

Palar River

Parambikulam River

Ponnaiyar River

Pykara River

Pandavaiar River

Pamaniyar River

Rajasingiyaru River

Ramanathi River

Sankaraparani River

Shanmuganadhi River

Sigur River

Siruvani River

South Pennar River

Suvetha River

Sarabanga River

Sarugani River

Santhana varthini River

Thamirabarani River

Thenpennai River

Tondiar River

Thirumalairajan River

Thennar River

Thirumanimutharu river

Thennar River

Uppar River

Upper Gundar River

Vaigai River

Vaippar river

Vanniyar River

Vennaaru River

Varaganathi River

Vashista River

Veera Chozhan river

Vellar river

Vedamaliyaru River

Vettar River

Vennar River

Valavaikkal River

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS - 16

LIST OF RIVERS IN KERALA 

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There are 44 rivers in Kerala, all but three originating in the Western Ghats. 41 of them flow westward and 3 eastward. The rivers of Kerala are small, in terms of length, breadth and water discharge. The rivers flow faster, owing to the hilly terrain and as the short distance between the Western Ghats and the sea. All the rivers are entirely monsoon-fed and many of them shrink into rivulets or dry up completely during summer.

The following is a list of the westward-flowing rivers of Kerala state in southern India, in order of length, and their tributaries. These rivers all originate in the Western Ghats range and flow westward into the Kerala Backwaters or into the Arabian Sea. Length in kilometers is in parentheses.

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Periyar River (244)

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Edamala River

Cheruthoni River

Mullayar River

Muthirapuzha River

Perinjankutti River

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Bharatapuzha River (209)

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Thuthapuzha River

Gayathripuzha River

Kalpathipuzha River

Kannadipuzha River

Pamba River (176)

Azhuthayar

Kakkiyar

Kakkattar

Kallar

Perunthenaruvi

Madatharuvi

Thanungattilthodu

Kozhithodu

Varattar

Kuttemperoor

Chaliyar River (169)

Cherupuzha (Mavoor)

Iruvanjippuzha

Cherupuzha (Areekode)

Kuthirappuzha

Kuruvanpuzha

Kanjirappuzha

Karimpuzha

Pandippuzha

Neerppuzha

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Chalakudy River (169)

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Parambikulam River

Kadalundy River (130)

Achankoil River (128)

Kallada River (121)

Muvattupuzha River (121)

Valapattanam River (110)

Chandragiri River (105)

Manimala River (90)

Vamanapuram River (88)

Kuppam River (88)

Meenachil River (78)

Kuttiyadi River (74)

Karamana River (68)

Shiriya River (68)

Kariangode River (64)

Ithikkara River (56)

Neyyar River (56)

Mahé River (54)

Kechery River (51)

Perumba River (51)

Uppala River (50)

Karuvannur River (48)

Kurumali River

Anjarakkandi River (48)

Tirur River (48)

Neeleshwaram River (46)

Pallikkal River (42)

Kallayi River (40)

Korapuzha River (40)

Mogral River (34)

Kavvai puzha River (31)

Pannagam River (30)

Thanikkudam River (29)

Manam River (27)

Thalassery River (28)

Chittary River (25)

Ramapuram River (19)

Ayiroor River (17)

East flowing riversEdit

There are three rivers rise in Kerala and flow eastwards, Kabini into Karnataka and the other two into Tamil Nadu.

Kabani (57)

Bhavani (38)

Pambar (25)

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS -15 ( rivers of Kerala map )

RIVERS OF KERALA 

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS -14 ( Kerala and Tamilnadu after 1956)

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS 13 ( map of Kerala and Tamilnadu before 1956)

MAP OF SOUTHERN INDIA BEFORE 1956 REORGANIZATION 

THE YELLOW COLOUR SHOWS THE MADRAS STATE BEFORE 1956.

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS -12

THE STATES REORGANIZATION COMMISSION 

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The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was a body constituted by the Central Government of India in 1953 to recommend the reorganization of state boundaries. In 1955, after nearly 2 years of study, the Commission recommended that India's state boundaries should be reorganized to form 16 states and 3 union territories.

States Reorganisation Commission consisted of Fazal Ali, Kavalam Madhava Panikkar and H.N. Kunzru. Some of its recommendations were implemented in the States Reorganisation Act of 1956.

                                                          *

India Administrative Divisions in 1951

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After India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the constituent units of India were classified under the following distinct categories:

Category Description Administrator States

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Part A states

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Former British provinces

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9 states: Assam, Bihar, Bombay, East Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal

Part B states

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Former princely states or groups of Covenanting states

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Rajpramukh (former princes) 9 states: 

Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Travancore-Cochin, and Vindhya Pradesh

Part C

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Former princely states and provinces Chief commissioner 10 states: 

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Ajmer, Coorg, Cooch-Behar, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch, Manipur, and Tripura

Part D

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Union Territory Governor appointed by the Indian president

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The borders of these states, inherited from British India, were not suitable for easy administration. The internal provincial borders of British India were a result of historical events, as well as political, military and strategic planning by the British. The Government agreed that the reorganization of state borders was necessary, but the basis of reorganization was yet to be determined.

One of the proposals was to reorganize the state on the basis of languages of India. This would make administration easier, and would help replace the caste and religion-based identities with less controversial linguistic identities. Earlier in 1920, the members of the Indian National Congress had agreed on the linguistic reorganization of the Indian states as one of the party's political goals. The Provincial Committees of the party were set on this basis since 1920. In 1927, the Congress declared that it was committed to "the redistribution of provinces on a linguistic basis", and reaffirmed its stance several times, including in the election manifesto of 1945-46.

But, soon after independence, the Congress-led Government became concerned that the states formed solely on a linguistic basis might be unsuitable, and might even pose a risk to the national unity. On 17 June 1948, Rajendra Prasad, the President of the Constituent Assembly, set up the Linguistic Provinces Commission (aka Dar Commission) to recommend whether the states should be reorganized on linguistic basis or not. The committee included SK Dar (retired Judge of the Allahabad High Court), JN Lal (lawyer) and Panna Lall (retired Indian Civil Service officer). In its 10 December 1948 report, the Commission recommended that "the formation of provinces on exclusively or even mainly linguistic considerations is not in the larger interests of the Indian nation". It recommended the reorganization of the provinces of Madras, Bombay and Central Provinces and Berar primarily on the basis of geographical contiguity, financial self-sufficiency and ease of administration. Soon after the report was published, the Congress, at its Jaipur session, set up the "JVP committee" to study the recommendations of the Dar Commission. The committee, comprised Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel, in addition to the Congress president Pattabhi Sitaramayya. In its report dated 1 April 1949, the Committee stated that the time was not suitable for formation of new provinces, but also stated "if public sentiment is insistent and overwhelming, we, as democrats, have to submit to it, but subject to certain limitations in regard to the good of India as a whole".

B. R. Ambedkar submitted a Memorandum (dated 14 October 1948) to the Dar Commission, supporting the formation of linguistic provinces, specifically the formation of the Marathi-majority Maharashtra state with Bombay as its capital. To address the concern of national unity, he suggested that the official language of every province should be same as the official language of the Central Government.KM Munshi, a Gujarati leader opposed to incorporation of Bombay in the proposed Maharashtra state, opposed the linguistic reorganization proposal, saying that "the political ambition of a linguistic group can only be satisfied by the exclusion and discrimination of other linguistic groups within the area. No safeguards and no fundamental rights can save them from the subtle psychological exclusion which linguism implies."

By the 1952, the demand for creation of a Telugu-majority state in the parts of the Madras State had become powerful. Potti Sreeramulu, one of the activists demanding the formation of a Telugu-majority state, died on 16 December 1952 after undertaking a fast-unto-death. Subsequently, the Telugu-majority Andhra State was formed in 1953. This sparked of agitations all over the country, with linguistic groups demanding separate statehoods.

In order to reorganise the states, the Government of India constituted the State Reorganisation Commission (SRC) under the chairmanship of Fazl Ali, a former Supreme Court judge.

SRC reportEdit

The Commission submitted its report on 30 September 1955, with the following recommendations:

The three-tier (Part-A/B/C) state system should be abolished

The institution of Rajapramukh and special agreement with former princely states should be abolished

The general control vested in Government of India by Article 371 should be abolished

Only the following 3 states should be the Union Territories: Andaman & Nicobar, Delhi and Manipur. The other Part-C/D territories should be merged with the adjoining states

The report was tabled in the Lok Sabha on 14 December 1955.

In Part II of Report of the States Reorganization Commission (SRC) 1955, titled “Factors Bearing on Reorganization”, the Commission clearly said that “it is neither possible nor desirable to reorganise States on the basis of the single test of either language or culture, but that a balanced approach to the whole problem is necessary in the interest of our national unity.

ImplementationEdit

The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 implemented some of the recommendations of the SRC. In addition to the three Union Territories (UTs) proposed by the SRC, it also established Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands, Himachal Pradesh and Tripura as UTs. It established a total of 14 states in addition to these UTs

South Indian states prior to the States Reorganisation Act.

The recommendations of the commission were not accepted universally.

Vidarbha

The SRC recommended formation of separate Vidarbha State by splitting majority Marathi speaking areas from Madhya Pradesh state.However, the Indian government has not accepted the recommendation and merged these areas in the predominantly Marathi speaking Bombay state. Vidarbha would have been the second Marathi majority state for the people of a regional /provincial language in India. Similarly, Telangana state would have been the second state for the Telugu speaking people beside Andhra state as per the SRC recommendation. Thus Indian government did not accept the need of a regional language people having more than one state.

Kerala-Madras

The Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress (TTNC) demanded to merge Thovalai, Agasteeswaram, Kalkulam, Vilavancode, Neyyatinkara, Senkottai, Deviculam and Peermade with Madras State. However, the Commission recommended only the merger of Thovalai, Agasteeswaram, Kalkulam, Vilvancode and Shenkottai with Madras State. In Neyyatinkara Taluk the Commission found that 86% of the people knew Malayalam. So the Commission did not favour the merger of this Taluk with Madras State. During the Lok Sabha (Parliament) discussions, the representatives of Travancore-Cochin State vehemently opposed the Commission's recommendations for the merger of the Southern Taluks with Madras State. A. Nesamony argued for the merger of Neyyatinkara, Deviculam, Peermade and Chittoor with the Tamil-majority Madras State.

Even though the SRC recommended for the merger of the entire Shenkottai taluk, the subsequently formed Joint Committee recommended the eastern portion of Shenkottai alone to be merged with Madras State. This decision was finally published authoritatively on 16 January 1956. In the July 1956 Lok Sabha meeting, Nesamony argued for the full merger of Shencottai as recommended by SRC. The House refused to reconsider the decision of the joint Committee by over-ruling the recommendation of the SRC.

On the basis of the percentage of the people speaking Tamil, the S.R.Commission recommended for the transfer of four taluks namely, Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode to Tamil Nadu from the State of Travancore-Cochin. 

The same yard stick was used for the transfer of Shenkotta Taluk to Tamil Nadu. 

While dealing with Devikulam and Peermede taluks, even though the majority was 

__________________________________________________________________________

Tamil-speaking people and the representatives to the State Assembly were Tamils 

__________________________________________________________________________

as in the case of the above indicated five taluks, the commission used a different 

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yard stick and recommended to retain in Travancore-Cochin State due to 

_________________________________________________________________________

geographical reasons.

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 Even though Shenkotta was fully transferred by the commission, the Joint Committee appointed to fix the exact boundaries of the states, divided Shenkotta Taluk and allowed Travancore–Cochin State to retain a major portion. 

Geographical and climatic conditions of Vilavancode, Kalkulam and Agastheeswaram taluks are mostly like Travancore-Cochin State, the protests made by Nesamony's team made it a part of Madres state. 

Now protests are there in the bilingual Kanyakumari district to get a Union Territory status.

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS -11

History of Malayalam

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Malayalam is thought to have diverged from Middle Tamil in approximately the sixth century in the region coinciding with modern Kerala. The development of Malayalam as a separate language was characterized by a moderate influence from Sanskrit, both in lexicon and grammar, which culminated in the Aadhyaathma Ramayanam, a version of the Ramayana by Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan which marked the beginning of modern Malayalam. Ezhuthachan's works also cemented the use of the Malayalam script, an alphabet blending the Tamil Vatteluttu alphabet with elements of the Grantha script resulting in a large number of letters capable of representing both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian sounds.Today, it is considered one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2013.

Malayalam  (മലയാളം, Malayāḷam , Malayalam pronunciation: , also known as Kairali (കൈരളി, Kairaḷi is a language spoken in India, predominantly in the state of Kerala. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was designated a Classical Language in India in 2013.[Malayalam has the official language status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry. It belongs to the Dravidian family of languages, and is spoken by approximately 33 million people according to the 2011 census. Malayalam is also spoken in the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka; with more popularity in the Nilgiris, Kanyakumari and Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu, and the Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu districts of Karnataka.

Originating from a branch of the proto-Dravidian language, Malayalam emerged as an independent language by the 9th century. An alternative theory proposes a split in even more ancient times.Through the ages, Malayalam incorporated many loanwords from Sanskrit, which altered the number of letters in the Malayalam script.Malayalam with minimal Sanskrit loanwords is Thani Malayalam.

Before Malayalam came into being, Old Tamil was used in literature and courts of Tamilakam, which included present day Kerala state. Silappatikaram of the Sangam period, one of the major Tamil epics, was written by Chera prince Ilango Adigal from Cochin. Modern Malayalam still preserves many words from the ancient Tamil vocabulary, which have been lost or replaced in modern Tamil. The earliest script used to write Malayalam was the Vatteluttu script, and later the Kolezhuttu, which derived from it.The oldest literary works in Malayalam, distinct from the Tamil tradition, are the Paattus, folk songs, dated from between the 9th and 11th centuries.Later, Sanskrit influence became apparent with Ramacharitam, the Malayalam version of Ramayana. Grantha script letters were adopted to write Sanskrit loanwords, which resulted in the modern Malayalam script.Many medieval texts were written in a very liberal mixture of Sanskrit with early Malayalam, known as Manipravalam.The first travelogue in any Indian language is in Malayalam, titled as Varthamanappusthakam written by Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar in 1785.

 

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS -10

HISTORY OF TAMIL

Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods, Old Tamil (300 BCE – 700 CE), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present).

Old Tamil

The earliest records in Old Tamil are short inscriptions from around the 2nd century BCE in caves and on pottery. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the Brahmi script called Tamil Brahmi.The earliest long text in Old Tamil is the Tolkāppiyam, an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the 1st century BCE.[5] A large number of literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as Sangam literature. These poems are usually dated to between the 1st and 5th centuries CE, which makes them the oldest extant body of secular literature in India. Other literary works in Old Tamil include two long epics, Cilappatikāram and Maṇimēkalai, and a number of ethical and didactic texts, written between the 5th and 8th centuries.O

Old Tamil preserved many features of Proto-Dravidian, including the inventory of consonants,the syllable structure, and various grammatical features. Amongst these was the absence of a distinct present tense – like Proto-Dravidian, Old Tamil only had two tenses, the past and the "non-past". Old Tamil verbs also had a distinct negative conjugation (e.g. kāṇēṉ (காணேன்) "I do not see", kāṇōm (காணோம்) "we do not see") Nouns could take pronominal suffixes like verbs to express ideas: e.g. peṇṭirēm (பெண்டிரேம்) "we are women" formed from peṇṭir (பெண்டிர்) "women" + -ēm (ஏம்) and the first person plural marker.

Despite the significant amount of grammatical and syntactical change between Old, Middle and Modern Tamil, Tamil demonstrates grammatical continuity across these stages: many characteristics of the later stages of the language have their roots in features of Old Tamil.

Middle Tamil

The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century,[was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme, the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals,and the transformation of the alveolar plosive into a rhotic. In grammar, the most important change was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb kil (கில்), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an aspect marker to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as ṉ (ன்). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker – kiṉṟ (கின்ற) – which combined the old aspect and time markers.

Middle Tamil also saw a significant increase in the Sanskritisation of Tamil. From the period of the Pallava dynasty onwards, a number of Sanskrit loan-words entered Tamil, particularly in relation to political, religious and philosophical concepts.Sanskrit also influenced Tamil grammar, in the increased use of cases and in declined nouns becoming adjuncts of verbs,and phonology.The Tamil script also changed in the period of Middle Tamil. Tamil Brahmi and Vaṭṭeḻuttu, into which it evolved, were the main scripts used in Old Tamil inscriptions. From the 8th century onwards, however, the Pallavas began using a new script, derived from the Pallava Grantha script which was used to write Sanskrit, which eventually replaced Vaṭṭeḻuttu.

Middle Tamil is attested in a large number of inscriptions, and in a significant body of secular and religious literature.These include the religious poems and songs of the Bhakthi poets, such as the Tēvāram verses on Saivism and Nālāyira Tivya Pirapantam on Vaishnavism,and adaptations of religious legends such as the 12th-century Tamil Ramayana composed by Kamban and the story of 63 shaivite devotees known as Periyapurāṇam.Iraiyaṉār Akapporuḷ, an early treatise on love poetics, and Naṉṉūl, a 12th-century grammar that became the standard grammar of literary Tamil, are also from the Middle Tamil period.

Modern Tamil

The Nannul remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil.Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of use in Modern Tamil– negation is, instead, expressed either morphologically or syntactically.Modern spoken Tamil also shows a number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions,and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic.

Contact with European languages also affected both written and spoken Tamil. Changes in written Tamil include the use of European-style punctuation and the use of consonant clusters that were not permitted in Middle Tamil. The syntax of written Tamil has also changed, with the introduction of new aspectual auxiliaries and more complex sentence structures, and with the emergence of a more rigid word order that resembles the syntactic argument structure of English.Simultaneously, a strong strain of linguistic purism emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in the Pure Tamil Movement which called for removal of all Sanskritic and other foreign elements from Tamil It received some support from Dravidian parties and nationalists who supported Tamil independence. This led to the replacement of a significant number of Sanskrit loanwords by Tamil equivalents, though many others remain.

Literature

Main article: Tamil literature

Tamil literature (Tamil: தமிழ் இலக்கியம்) is the literature in the Tamil language. Tamil literature has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than two thousand years. The oldest extant works show signs of maturity indicating an even longer period of evolution. Contributors to the Tamil literature are mainly from Tamil people from Tamil Nadu, Sri Lankan Tamils from Sri Lanka, and from Tamil diaspora. Also, there have been notable contributions from European authors. The history of Tamil literature follows the history of Tamil Nadu, closely following the social and political trends of various periods. The secular nature of the early Sangam poetry gave way to works of religious and didactic nature during the Middle Ages. Jain and Buddhist authors during the medieval period and Muslim and European authors later, contributed to the growth of Tamil literature.

A revival of Tamil literature took place from the late 19th century when works of religious and philosophical nature were written in a style that made it easier for the common people to enjoy. Nationalist poets began to utilize the power of poetry in influencing the masses. With growth of literacy, Tamil prose began to blossom and mature. Short stories and novels began to appear. The popularity of Tamil Cinema has also provided opportunities for modern Tamil poets to emerge.

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS 9

DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES

The origins of the Dravidian languages, as well as their subsequent development and the period of their differentiation, are unclear, and the situation is not helped by the lack of comparative linguistic research into the Dravidian languages. Inconclusive attempts have also been made to link the family with the Japonic languages[citation needed] and with the extinct Elamite language (by Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis).

Many linguists, however, tend to favour the theory that speakers of Dravidian languages spread southwards and eastwards through the Indian subcontinent, based on the fact that the southern Dravidian languages show some signs of contact with linguistic groups which the northern Dravidian languages do not. Proto-Dravidian is thought to have differentiated into Proto-North Dravidian, Proto-Central Dravidian and Proto-South Dravidian around 1500 BCE, although some linguists have argued that the degree of differentiation between the sub-families points to an earlier split.

It was not until 1856 that Robert Caldwell published his Comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages, which considerably expanded the Dravidian umbrella and established it as one of the major language groups of the world. Caldwell coined the term "Dravidian" from the Sanskrit drāvida, related to the word ‘Tamil’ or ‘Tamilan’, which is seen in such forms as into ‘Dramila’, ‘Drami˜a’, ‘Dramida’ and ‘Dravida’ which was used in a 7th-century text to refer to the languages of the southern India. The publication of the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary by T. Burrow and M. B. Emeneau was a landmark event in Dravidian linguistics.

 

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS 8

 India speaks 780 languages, 220 lost in last 50 years – survey

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No one has ever doubted that India is home to a huge variety of languages. A new study, the People’s Linguistic Survey of India, says that the official number, 122, is far lower than the 780 that it counted and another 100 that its authors suspect exist.

The survey, which was conducted over the past four years by 3,000 volunteers and staff of the Bhasha Research & Publication Centre (“Bhasha” means “language” in Hindi), also concludes that 220 Indian languages have disappeared in the last 50 years, and that another 150 could vanish in the next half century as speakers die and their children fail to learn their ancestral tongues.

The 35,000-page survey is being released in 50 volumes, the first of which appeared on Sept. 5 to commemorate the 125th birth anniversary of Indian philosopher Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, who was also the country’s second president. The last one is scheduled to come out in December 2014.

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS 7

TOWER OF BABEL

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The Tower of Babel

11 Now the whole world had one language and a common speech.

 2 As people moved eastward,they found a plain in Shinar and settled there.

3 They said to each other, “Come, let’s make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar

. 4 Then they said, “Come, let us build ourselves a city, with a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may make a name for ourselves; otherwise we will be scattered over the face of the whole earth.”

5 But the Lord came down to see the city and the tower the people were building. 

6 The Lord said, “If as one people speaking the same language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them. 

7 Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not understand each other.”

8 So the Lord scattered them from there over all the earth, and they stopped building the city.

 9 That is why it was called Babel—because there the Lord confused the language of the whole world. From there the Lord scattered them over the face of the whole earth.( Bible gateway .com)

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS

TWO STATES

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There were more than 560 small kingdoms in India. 

They were in war with each other . 

Mughal emperors ruled this country for more than 400 years .

Then the Britishers for more than 200 years . 

The Merchants of East India company ,Came ,Saw and Conquered. 

They got permission to do trading from the Mughal .

The  battle of Plassey laid down the foundation of rising British Empire in India.

The clerk of East India Company became one of the richest persons  in England .  How ?

One of the Biggest states of India , Bengal, was divided in to Two . East and West. Muslims were the Majority in East Bengal .

Hindus were the Majority in West Bengal. 

The poisonous seed of religious fanaticism was sown .

Bombay , Calcutta, Madras gave way to the growth of British Empire .

They struck the Mughal Empire down to pieces when  Mughal kings were weak. 

Hindus , Muslims , Dalits all together worked together for getting Independence  .

British divided the nation in to two , Pakistan and India and gave to the people . 

They allowed the individual kingdoms like ,Travancore , Hyderabad ,and Kashmir decide themselves to join either of the two domains . 

By doing so they created a chaos and confusion amongs the Indian union and the Princely States .

At the stroke of the Midnight on August 14 th 1947 the tricolor flag was raised and the British flag down .

India was given Independence .

NEHRU'S Headache started. 

Sriramulu potti was on hunger strike for getting a separate state for Andra Pradesh .

Government was forced accept the demand but Sriramulu had to sacrifice his life for that .

Madras state was divided and Telugu speaking Andra Pradesh was born . 

It was Congress party's promise to form linguistic State . But Nehru was not much interested for such a proposal. 

But the agitation for Andra Pradesh has paved way for clam our from others also to form separate states on linguistic basis . 

A state reorganization committee was formed . 

November First 1956 , states were reorganized on linguistic basis. 

Kerala lost Tamil speaking area of Kanyakumari .

Kerala gained Malayalam speaking Kasargode from Kannada . 

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS -5

CHAPTER -II 

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ONE DAM

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It is known as Periyar dam in Tamilnadu .

 It is called Mullapperiyar dam in Kerala . 

Both name denotes the same dam .

It is a Dam built in Masonry . 

It is a gravity dam . 

It is situated in Kerala State . 

It feeds to the needs of Tamilnadu State. 

The Dam is having a maximum height of 155 feet. 

The Parappet is another 3 feet high . 

Initially water was stored till 152 ' . 

But the sudden and flash flood waters threatened to overflow the dam .

 Overflowing is detrimental to the safety of the dam .

The leaks were found as early as the beginning of twentieth century .

It was found lot of lime-surki mortar of the core concrete have been leached away.

Guniting were tried even during the British period  ( before independence ) .

This ONE DAM paved way to a series of dams to be built in the West flowing rivers. 

 This ONE DAM   INTRODUCED TO  TAMILNADU THE IDEA OF  INTERBASIN TRANSFER OF WATER. 

This ONE DAM which was originally intended to serve for irrigation purpose was later gave way for energy production also. 

This ONE DAM PAVED WAY FOR ARBITRATION BETWEEN   TWO NEIGBOURING STATES ,THE THEN TRAVANCORE STATE AND MADRAS  STATE. 

This ONE DAM gave the credit to One Tamilian Diwan ( Sir.C.P?Ramaswamy Iyer ) to win the case against Tamilnadu. 

But The then Madras Presidency went ahead of producing Power. 

Now THIS ONE DAM has become the eyesore of the politicians of TWO STATES. 

Kerala and Tamilnadu. 

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS -4

Conflicts inflicted by colonial Rule 

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India did not get independence. 

India was given independence . 

But ...

The One India was partitioned and Pakistan was born .

Indian kingdoms were given a choice by the Britishers to join either with Pakistan or India .

Kashmir King  ,Hyderabad Nizam , Travancore Maharaja wanted to be separate .

Vallabahai Patel , the iron man , ironed out the differences . 

Kashmir was given special status . 

Mullapperiyar lease agreement became controversial . 

British created problem by dividing India . 

They created problem by uniting the Tamil speaking North , and Sinhala speaking south of Srilanka . 

They draw a line On Map between India and China .Macmohan line 

All these are still giving trouble to the world . 

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ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS 3

West goes to East 

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Madura, the South Indian city,has many stories to tell.

The land was reeling under seviour drought .

Prayers yielded .

Lord Siva asked Parvathy to keep her hand on the land .

From there erupted the River Vaikai

Vai ( tamil ) keep down 

Kai ( tamil ) hand 

Vaikai ( keep hand ) 

So the name Vaikai ( Vaigai) for the river running through the land , Madura.

Vaigai River is the Main Water Resource for entire Earstwhile Madura District , which includes the present day Ramnad district also. 

Ramnad kingdom was devoid of even drinking water. 

The minister of Ramnad under the direction of King tried for diverting water from Mullai ar, but in vain. 

During the British rule , Madura went under severe  drought.

Under the instruction from the government , the Executive Engineer , investigated for a water project.

He climbed up the eastern side of the western ghat . 

He came across the Suruli ar. He went further deep in the forest ,high above and reached the ridge . 

Wow! 

On the western side of western ghat flows a perineal river with abundant water. 

But the area lies on another Kingdom .

Travancore and Cochin was the two kingdoms lying on the western side of western ghats. 

Thinking the river flows through Cochin , he wrote a letter to the ruler of Cochin .

Then he got a reply that the river Periyar flows through Travancore  . 

He then approached the Travancore kingdom for diversion of water of Periyar .

This kingdom was under the supervision of Resident of British rulers .

British Army helped Maharaja of Venad to win the war of Kulachal .

The Dutch traders were defeated by Venad Maharaja ,

Raja of Travancore has to part with his lifeline of water of Periyar with the British rulers of Madras . 

That was history 

 The project to divert west flowing water to east started thus. 

ONE DAM TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS

Dams,Dams everywhere 

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 India is one of the four countries which have dams everywhere. 

United States , China and Japan are the other front runners in the Dam construction Industry. 

A rough calculation gives the statistic as below.

China has 25000 big dams , United States of America 10000, India 5000 and japan 4500. 

It can be said " Dams ,Dams ,Everywhere ,but not a drop to quench the thirst of lands" 

The famine in India during the nineteenth

 century, made the British to institute the first Irrigation  commission in 1901 .

The famine killed lakhs and lakhs of people in  India .

The British rulers were blamed for not taking any positive action for averting the disaster. 

It prompted them to establish The first Irrigation Commission India .

The Report 1901-03 have suggested development of Irrigation  infrastructures. 

Even before that there were instances of building Dams by British Royal  engineers. 

Between  communication development and irrigation development ,initially the British preferred the first.

The developed the Railway net work . 

This was made to transport the  plundering materials to their land . 

But the boost for Irrigation Development came after the great famine .

One of the Dams built earlier in South India ,in the then, Madras Province has left an imbroglio of conflict between the two neighboring States of Independent India . 

The " Periyar  Project " completed by British Engineers became an eyesore .

Divide and Rule 

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British East India Company came to India for trading. 

They pleased the then rulers, Mughal,  and got permission .

At a time when the Mughal Empire was at its low ebb, they captured the power . 

It is history. 

The Triumphant  march started from 1757. 

Robert  Clive won the war at Plassey. 

There after East India Company did not looked back .

Every step was towards success. 

The Merchants became the Rulers . 

The sepoy mutiny as described by the British historians and first Indian Independence Struggle as told by Indian historians was in 1857, after a century of the  Plassey war. 

The traders trick to sustain their business was seen when they divided the greater Bengal ,into East Bengal and West Bengal , in line with the religious faith .

The seed of hate was sown in the minds of Indian .

Hindus and. Muslims were living happily with love ,now they turned against each other . 

That is history .

West goes to East 

ONE DAM, TWO STATES AND THREE RIVERS

ONE DAM ,TWO STATES, THREE RIVERS
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CHAPTER I
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INTRODUCTION
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" DAMS ARE TEMPLES OF MODERN INDIA "
Pandit Jawaharlaal Nehru ,the first Prime minister of India said so.
Food as a weapon
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India is basically an agriculture country.
She is blessed with many rivers, lakes and lagoons .
At the time of Independence ,the main responsibility of the rulers of  India were to provide food,clothes and shelter to the 400 million people in India .
The then Prime minister flew towards the west first but the reception was not much encouraging ,then he flew to east .
He was attracted by the ' Planned economy ' followed in U.S.S.R.
He came to India . Started  ' Five Year Plans ' for development.
Plan budget was suffering due to paucity of funds .
First  five year plan commenced in the year 1951.
Irrigation and Agriculture development was given the topmost priority.
By the fag end of the five first five year plan came the help from United States of America. U. S  policy makers feared India will be slipping into the hands of Socialist group ,if not helped for its economic development .
It gave some food for thought to the US foreign policy makers .
The Congress was not in favor of India ,but the Presidents were .
India doesn't want food for free . But as a loan .
It was acceptable to them .
The agreement for food Aid ,known as PL 480 ,was signed between India and U.S.
It was in 1954 when D.Eisenhower was the President of America .
Pakistan was given war weapons ,but India Economic  Aid (in the form of food ).
The food given to India was used, as a weapon,  to curtail the growth of communism in India .
The arrangement is like this .
1136 crores worth of food materials is to be supplied to India inclusive of the cost of  shipment.
India can sell it and the money can be used for budget .
The first five year plan gave importance to build Irrigation Infrastructures ,like Dams, Reservoirs , Canals , etc..